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[TITLE OF THE RESEARCH: 12 TO 15 WORDS, ALL CAPITALS, IN AN INVERTED PYRAMID]
A Research Paper
Presented to the Faculty of the Senior High School Department
[NAME OF THE SCHOOL]
[City or Municipality, Province]
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
[Practical Research 2 (Quantitative Research) / Practical Research 1 (Qualitative Research)]
by
[SURNAME, First Name M.]
[SURNAME, First Name M.]
[SURNAME, First Name M.]
[SURNAME, First Name M.]
[SURNAME, First Name M.]
[Strand] · [Grade 12 – Section]
[Month Year]
APPROVAL SHEET
This research paper entitled “[TITLE OF THE RESEARCH]”, prepared and submitted by [names of the researchers], in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject [Practical Research 2], has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for oral examination.
______________________________
[NAME OF THE RESEARCH ADVISER]
Research Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Panel of Examiners on oral examination with a grade of ________.
______________________________
[NAME]
Chairperson
______________________________ [NAME] Member ______________________________ [NAME] Member
Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the subject [Practical Research 2].
______________________________ [NAME] [SHS Coordinator / Assistant Principal] ______________________________ [NAME] [School Principal]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[Thank, in a few short paragraphs, the people who helped: your research adviser, the panel, the school principal who allowed the study, the respondents, your parents or guardians, and your classmates. Write in the first person plural (“The researchers would like to thank…”).]
DEDICATION
[Optional. One short paragraph: to whom the researchers dedicate this work.]
ABSTRACT
Title: [Title of the research]
Researchers: [Names]
Research adviser: [Name]
School year: [2026–2027]
[One paragraph of 150 to 250 words, no indentation, single-spaced if your school allows: the purpose of the study; the research design, respondents and sampling; the instrument and statistical tools; the main findings with key numbers; the conclusion and the main recommendation. Write it last.]
Keywords: [three to five keywords]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF FIGURES ix
CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND 1
Background of the Study 1
Theoretical Framework 1
Conceptual Framework 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Hypothesis 2
Significance of the Study 2
Scope and Delimitation 3
Definition of Terms 3
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES 4
Related Literature 4
Related Studies 4
Synthesis 4
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 5
Research Design 5
Research Locale 5
Respondents and Sampling Procedure 5
Research Instrument 5
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument 6
Data Gathering Procedure 6
Scoring Procedure 6
Statistical Treatment of Data 6
Ethical Considerations 7
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 8
Profile of the Respondents 8
Level of [Dependent Variable] 8
Relationship Between [Independent Variable] and [Dependent Variable] 9
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 10
Summary of Findings 10
Conclusions 10
Recommendations 10
REFERENCES 11
APPENDICES 12
Appendix A: Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study 12
Appendix B: Informed Consent and Assent Form 13
Appendix C: Research Instrument 14
Appendix D: Validation Sheet 15
Appendix E: Statistical Computations 16
Appendix F: Documentation 17
Appendix G: Curriculum Vitae of the Researchers 18
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Distribution of the Respondents 5
2 Four-Point Likert Scale and Its Interpretation 6
3 Profile of the Respondents 8
4 [Level of the Dependent Variable] as Perceived by the Respondents 8
5 Relationship Between [Independent Variable] and [Dependent Variable] 9
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Research Paradigm of the Study 1
1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Background of the Study
[Start with the general situation and narrow it down to your school or community. Support every claim with a source, cited in APA style — (Author, Year) or Author (Year). End with the gap: what is not yet known and why this study is needed. Three to five paragraphs.]
Theoretical Framework
[Name one or two theories that explain the relationship you study: who proposed them (Author, Year), what they say, and how they apply to your variables.]
Conceptual Framework
[Explain in one paragraph how your variables are related, then show it in a figure: independent variable → dependent variable, or Input → Process → Output. Refer to the figure in the text (see Figure 1).]
Figure 1
Research Paradigm of the Study
Independent Variable [Profile of the respondents] [e.g., study habits] → Dependent Variable [What you measure] [e.g., academic performance]
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to determine [general objective]. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
1.1 [age];
1.2 [sex]; and
1.3 [another profile variable]?
2. What is the level of [dependent variable] of the respondents?
3. Is there a significant relationship between [independent variable] and [dependent variable]?
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant relationship between [independent variable] and [dependent variable].
[Quantitative research only: state the null hypothesis that matches each question that will be tested statistically. A qualitative study has no hypothesis — delete this part.]
Significance of the Study
[Who benefits from the results and how — a short paragraph each, in order of importance.]
Students. [How the results help them.]
Teachers. [How the results help them.]
Parents. [How the results help them.]
School administrators. [How the results help them.]
Future researchers. [How the results help them.]
Scope and Delimitation
[What the study covers: topic, variables, respondents, place and school year (e.g., SY 2026–2027). Then what it does not cover and why.]
Definition of Terms
[Key terms in alphabetical order. Give the conceptual meaning (from a source) and the operational meaning (how the term is used or measured in this study).]
[Term]. [Conceptual definition] (Author, Year). In this study, it refers to [operational definition].
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
[Organize by variable or theme, not by source. Paraphrase and cite every source in APA style. Most schools ask for sources from the last five to ten years, both foreign and local.]
Related Literature
[Books, articles, laws and official documents about your variables: what they say and how it relates to your study.]
Related Studies
[Earlier studies: author and year, purpose, respondents and method, main findings — and how each one is similar to or different from your study.]
Synthesis
[One or two paragraphs: what the literature and studies have in common, and the gap your study fills.]
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
[Name the design and say why it fits your problem — quantitative: descriptive, correlational, causal-comparative or experimental; qualitative: phenomenological, case study, ethnographic or narrative.]
Research Locale
[Where the study is conducted: name of the school or community and a short description. A map is optional.]
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
[Who the respondents are, the population, the sample size and the sampling technique. If you use Slovin’s formula, show it: n = N ÷ (1 + Ne²), where n = sample size, N = population, e = margin of error.]
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents
[Strand / Section] Population (N) Sample (n)
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
Total [ ] [ ]
Research Instrument
[Describe the instrument: survey questionnaire, test, interview guide or observation checklist; whether it is researcher-made or adapted (cite the source); its parts and the number of items; the response scale.]
Validity and Reliability of the Instrument
[Who validated the instrument (e.g., three teachers or experts) and what was changed. How reliability was tested: a pilot test with respondents outside the sample and the result, e.g., Cronbach’s alpha.]
Data Gathering Procedure
1. [Letter asking permission from the school principal (Appendix A).]
2. [Informed consent from the respondents — and from parents or guardians of minors (Appendix B).]
3. [Administering the instrument: when, where and how.]
4. [Retrieving, checking and tallying the answers.]
Scoring Procedure
[How answers are scored and interpreted. Example for a four-point scale (interval of 0.75):]
Table 2
Four-Point Likert Scale and Its Interpretation
Scale Range Response Interpretation
4 3.26 – 4.00 Strongly Agree [Very High]
3 2.51 – 3.25 Agree [High]
2 1.76 – 2.50 Disagree [Low]
1 1.00 – 1.75 Strongly Disagree [Very Low]
Statistical Treatment of Data
[The statistical tool for each question in the Statement of the Problem, with its formula. For example:]
Percentage — for the profile of the respondents: P = (f ÷ n) × 100, where f = frequency and n = number of respondents.
Weighted mean — for the level of [variable]: x̄ = Σfx ÷ n, where f = frequency of each scale value x.
[Pearson r, t-test or ANOVA — for relationships or differences, tested at the 0.05 level of significance.]
[Qualitative study: describe the data analysis instead, e.g., thematic analysis — coding, categories, themes.]
Ethical Considerations
[Voluntary participation; informed consent, and parental consent with learner assent for respondents below 18; confidentiality and anonymity under the Data Privacy Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10173); the right to withdraw at any time; how the data will be stored and disposed of.]
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
[Present the results in the order of the Statement of the Problem. Each table comes after the paragraph that introduces it, and is followed by its analysis (what the numbers show) and interpretation (what they mean, compared with the literature in Chapter II).]
Profile of the Respondents
Table 3
Profile of the Respondents
Profile Category Frequency (f) Percentage (%)
[Age] [ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[Sex] [Male] [ ] [ ]
[Female] [ ] [ ]
Total [n] 100.00
[Analysis and interpretation of Table 3.]
Level of [Dependent Variable]
Table 4
[Level of the Dependent Variable] as Perceived by the Respondents
Indicator Weighted Mean Interpretation
1. [ ] [ ] [ ]
2. [ ] [ ] [ ]
3. [ ] [ ] [ ]
Overall mean [ ] [ ]
[Analysis and interpretation of Table 4.]
Relationship Between [Independent Variable] and [Dependent Variable]
Table 5
Relationship Between [Independent Variable] and [Dependent Variable]
Variables r p-value Decision Interpretation
[ ] and [ ] [ ] [ ] [Reject / Accept Ho] [Significant / Not significant]
[Analysis and interpretation of Table 5.]
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary of Findings
[The main results, numbered in the order of the Statement of the Problem, with the key numbers.]
Conclusions
[Answer each question of the study in one or two sentences, and state whether the hypothesis is rejected or accepted. No new data here.]
Recommendations
[What should be done, by whom, based on the findings: students, teachers, parents, the school, and future researchers.]
REFERENCES
[APA 7th edition: alphabetical by the surname of the first author, double-spaced, hanging indent of 0.5 inch. Every source cited in the text is here, and every source here is cited in the text. Patterns:]
[Surname, A. A., & Surname, B. B. (Year). Title of the article in sentence case. Name of the Journal, Volume(Issue), first page–last page. https://doi.org/xxxx]
[Surname, A. A. (Year). Title of the book in sentence case (2nd ed.). Publisher.]
[Department of Education. (Year). Title of the order (DepEd Order No. __, s. ____). https://www.deped.gov.ph/…]
[Surname, A. A. (Year). Title of the thesis [Undergraduate thesis, Name of the School]. Name of the Repository. URL]
[Name of the Organization. (Year, Month Day). Title of the web page. Name of the Website. URL]
APPENDICES
[Each appendix starts on a new page, in the order it is mentioned in the text.]
Appendix A: Letter of Permission to Conduct the Study
[Date]
[NAME OF THE PRINCIPAL]
School Principal
[Name of the School]
Dear [Sir / Madam]:
We, the Grade 12 [strand] students of [school], are conducting a study entitled “[Title of the research]” as a requirement in [Practical Research 2]. We respectfully ask permission to [administer a questionnaire to (respondents)] on [dates]. The answers will be kept confidential and used only for this study.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
[Names and signatures of the researchers]
Noted by:
[NAME OF THE RESEARCH ADVISER]
Research Adviser
Approved by:
[NAME OF THE PRINCIPAL]
School Principal
Appendix B: Informed Consent and Assent Form
[Purpose of the study, what the respondent will do, voluntary participation, confidentiality, signature of the respondent — and of the parent or guardian for minors.]
Appendix C: Research Instrument
[The final questionnaire, test or interview guide.]
Appendix D: Validation Sheet
[Signed validation by the experts or teachers who checked the instrument.]
Appendix E: Statistical Computations
[Tally sheets and the computations or software output.]
Appendix F: Documentation
[Photos of the data gathering, with the consent of the people shown.]
Appendix G: Curriculum Vitae of the Researchers
[One page per researcher: photo, name, contact, education, school activities.]
TIPS — delete this page before submitting
• Your school’s research manual and your adviser come first: margins, font, the order of the preliminary pages and the chapter titles differ from school to school. This template follows the most common Senior High School format: US Letter (short bond) paper, Times New Roman 12, double spacing, 1.5-inch left margin for binding and 1 inch elsewhere.
• Page numbers: preliminary pages in small Roman numerals at the bottom (the title page counts as i but shows no number); from Chapter I on, Arabic numerals at the top right.
• Headings use Word styles (Heading 1 for chapters, Heading 2 for parts): after editing, right-click the table of contents → Update field → Update entire table.
• Grey text in [brackets] is an instruction — replace it with your own text.
• Some schools put the theoretical and conceptual framework in Chapter II, and some call Chapter I “Introduction” or “The Problem and Its Scope”. Move the parts if your school does.
© Layers (layers.md) · CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). You may adapt and reuse this template with attribution.